« Türkiyenin İngilizce Tanımı, ”Turkey Guide”

Türkiyenin İngilizce Tanımı , Turkey,cappadocia

Yazan: Turan | 09 Mayıs 2008
Kategoriler: History

NATIONAL DEFENCE AND ARMED FORCES
The primary, most important vdefender of Turkey’s independence is that the armed Forces. The role of armed forces is to defend and protect the land and the republic against internal and external threats and to fulfill the duties agreed by international treaties.
Because of the geopolitical importance of its location as a member of , Turkey has the largest army of any of the countries after USA,with about 1,200,000 soldiers. With this size it is the 7th largest in the world.Approixmately 10-15 %of the national budget is allocated to the ministry of defense.
SERVICE
Since the Ottoman period different systems of service have been used at different periods. Today, under the Service Law, all male citizens who are physically eligible must perform service between the ages of 20 and 46. The compulsory serrvice period is 18 months including one month of holiday. Up until the age of 46 men might be recruited at different of short periods as reserves in this so-called reserve period. The Forces consists of the Army, The Air Force, The Navy and the Gendarme. The uniforms of the air force staff are blue, the navy white in summer and black in winter, and the others are various of khaki.
The social function of service : service is a very important social event in men’s lives.It has the distinct effect of dividing it into two phases: life before and after service. Generally men serve in places other than their home regions without returning except for their vacations. Before leaving, the family provides a big meal in their son’s honour and invite relatives, friends and neighbours. A large group of friends escort the boy to the central bus or train station with musical instruments, ususally drums and clarinets, the louder the better. They may even carry him on their shoulders. service is a kind of school in which the young men of Turkey reach maturity through the experiences that they live. This is a place where they become acquainted with manners. For some, it is the first time they live away from home. Being away from family is also an opportunity to learn to stand responsibility on their on feet.
In some rural parts of Turkey, young men cannot get married before completing their service, since this period is accepted as a major step in the transition to manhood. In these areas especially, if a young man is not recruited because of physical or mental reasons, he gets disappointed and tries his best to convince the authorities that he wants and can perform his duty. Young men who are not accepted into service often suffer insults or loss of status among their peers.RELIGIONS IN

Turkey is a unique setting for seeing the histories of the 3 monotheistic religions, , and .It was here that Abraham was challenged by God, it was here that Paul heard the call to carry his message into Europe. In all parts of the country there are places celebrated for some pivotal event, for the work of some master artist, for the home of some religious leader.The unusal concentration is due in no small way to Turkey’s geography as the juncture of two peninsulas that bridge Asia and Europe. Many different peoples have converged here upon each other.In this relatively confined space, what they did in one corner sooner or later was felt by the rest, often with redoubled effect.
The peninsulas have focused the affairs of trade route, forum, battlefield and marketplace; the resulting struggle has produced both an abundance and a challenge of ideas. Out of this also has come a confluence of religions. Followers of each of these religions have had a special tie to the land.

, the first of them to develop,has consistently been in the minority. In spite of that, resident Jews have frequently been accorded positions of distinction and authority. Grounded in , the early Christian church started in .In an acknowledgement of the close relationship of İslam to the other religions, the leaders of the Ottoman Empire and a secular Republic have officially practiced religious tolerance through the ommunity system and the constitution.


Of the Anatolian land, the northern plain of the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and the Euphrates (Mesopotamia) was home to people who contributed to some of the earliest development of western civilization and of Hebraic insight into the nature of God. In the account of , Noah’s family spread from the mountains of Ararat across the land. It is presuemd that some of these people settled the fertile plain of .
Jews in Anatolian history : The percentage of Jews in in relation to the total population has never been great, but the community has long played an important role in the commercial and intellectual life. According to the records, King Sargon II resettled over 27.000 Israelities in northern mesopotemia around 720BC, and during the time of Alexander the Great again a larged number of people were encouraged to move northwetward from Palestine into the newly conquered Greek lands. Many of these were trades and merchants. By the 2nd AD there may have been millions Jews in Asia Minor; they were located in almost all the cities of any size. This dispersion came about in part because of the destruction of Jaruselam (66-74), in particular the destruction of the temple in 70 AD.Part of it occured after the Simon Bar Kochba revolt (132-135 AD) when the emperor Hadrian leveled the whole of Jaruselam and forbade the Jews from entering the city.
Many of these Jews found a haven in .Thirteen hundred years later, tens of thousands of Jews who were being persecuted during the inquisition in Europe were accepted as refugees by the Ottoman Sultan Beyazit II in 1492. The refugees first settled in Thessaloniki, Edirne and İ, swelling the populations of the already residentJews in those cities. Jews denominations represented in Turkey include the Sephardic (those who came from Spain), the Ashkenazi (those who came from Crimenia in 17th century) and the Karait (those who rejected Talmud). By 1900 the total Jews community had swelled to 300.000, but today with many families who have moved to İsrael,it is numbered only 30.000

:
The land of Turkey has been the site of many of the most crucial events in the history of : Followers of Jesus were first called “ Christians” in Antioch-on-the Orontes.
Paul’s missionary journeys took him three through western . It was in Alexanderia Troas that he had the vision of a man appealing to him to extend his work to Macedonia. All seven ecumenical councils were held in western . It was from Constantinople that the Eastern Roman Empire was ruled, and one of the most stately and most honoured Christian building,St. Sophia, was built here.
Between the 11th and 16th centuries Crusaders tramped across Turkey. When Ottoman forces led by sultan Mehmet II conqtered Constantinople in 1453, the Middle East balance of power transferred from to İslam.

began among a small minority of ordinary people. Before Constantine the Great legalized it, the congregations usually met in secret in member’s private homes.Therefore it is impossible to point to any building and identify it as a 1st or 2nd century church. The first buildings built specifically as churches were usually basilicas, large covered oblong buildings that ended in an apse. In their ruins now it is the outlines of the apses of those buildings that often mark them as ancient churches. The first church built in Constantinople is thought to be the original church of St. Irene that no longer exists. As became established by the 5th century, a number of important churches were built, the foundations of which either still support newer buildings or are visible as ruins.
The spread of western began from the liberal Jewish congregation in Antioch-on-the Orontez. Thanks largely to the missionary work in the 1st century AD of Peter, John,Paul and Barnabas, of their companions John Mark, Silas, Luke, and of their converts Timoty and Thecla, the church moved out over western . The role played in the growth of by the Roman government must also be acknowledged in the stable government, the system of roads, the universal and particulary in the effect of the government decrees ordering martyrdom which strengthened the faith of the believers.


İslam means “ submission” to ; an adherent is called a “ muslim”, one who submits himself to God. God is One: totality, unity. In its unity and comprehensiveness İslam pervades the whole of life. Alahüekber are the words calling people to . Nothing exists that is not God; even that which is beyond human imagination is God. God cannot be seperated from anything. Out of this understanding of the nature of God comes corallary that all aspects of human life are ordered by and must be performed in accordance with God. All human beings are God’s slaves. All the categories into which human behavior is often divided are one and related. Thus for instance, İslam denies a seperation of politics and religion.
Anyone who has the respect of the community may be religious leader in any . At the same time, no priestly intercessor may come between God and God’s slaves. Moral judgement is God’s province alone The requirements of can be comprehended by everyone, and in its teachings there are both commonplace guides and inspiration for profound insights. İslam is the most recent of the three great monotheistic religions, having developed from the revelations by God to prophet . was born in 571AD in the city of Mecca, in Saudi Arabia. A pious, charasmatic man, was a merchant by trade, who is in youth searched for a purer and more meaninful religion than the polythestetic beliefs that surrounded him.
In his 40th year he received his first revelation. He was called to be the prophet of God to his people. He began to preach oneness of God and to preach the message entrusted to him-that there is but one God, to whom all humankind must commit themselves.The polythestetis Meccans resented ’s attacks on their godss and finally he emigrated with afew fellowers to Medina. This migration, which called the Hegira,took place in 622 AD; Moslems adopted the beginning of that year as the first year of their lunar calendar.
In Medina, won accaptence as a leader. Within a few years he had established control of the surrounding region and in 630 AD he finally conquered Mecca. The Kaaba, a shrine that had for some time housedthe idols of the pagan Meccans, was rededicated to the woship of and it became the object of pilgrimage for all Moslems. The holly book of İslam is the “ Koran”; it is believed to be the revelation of God to . It contains 114 chapters (Suras) and 6666 verses (ayets). The first sura is the ; it is a and is the ome most frequently recited by Moslems. conveyed the revelations orally to those who learned them by heart. The one who had memorized the Koran chanted thedm for the public to hear and learn. After the death of , the caliph Abu Bekr collected them in written form on individual pages. It was in caliph Ottoman’s time, 644-656 AD that caligraphers compiled them in a book. Because the Koran was revealed in Arabic, the spoken by , it was written in Arabic. Moslems maintain that it cannot be translated. There are, however, foreing “ interpretaions” of it, including and . Arabic is the of İslam all over the world, hence the common custom of referring to God in İslam with the Arabic words, .


In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate. be to God, the of the worlds, the merciful, the compassionate, the ruler of the judgement day. You we serve, and of you we ask for aid. Guide us in the right . The of those to whom you are gracious. Not of those with whom you are angry nor of those who err.

The foundation of İslam is the Koran, the divine word; but so little of this is dogmatic or legislative that early Muslims found it an incomplete authority for determining the proper behavioe for the good life. This was especially true when İslam first began to spread among many diverse peoples. Thus the body of the developed, suplementing the Koran. The is a collections of traditions, moral sayings and anecdotes (hadiths) of . “ ” means the accepted system of social and legal behavior based on ’s deeds, utterances and unspoken approval. It is the theory and practice of the entire İslamic community. The is almost as important as Koran because it embodies all the eleborations of Koranci teaching.
Over time there have been serious disagreements concerning the hadiths, and interpretations of the Koran and have varied so much as to be contradictory. This situation is generally resolved by reference to what has become perhaps the most important of all the sayings attributed to ,
” My community will never agree in an error”. The principle that this expresses is called Icma, the agrement of İslam, according to it, every muslim knows that a belief entertained by the greater part of the community over the course of time is infallibly true, and that a practice ( for instance, the cult of saints) that has been allowed by most over a long period must be legitimate and good. Another way of expressing this is to state that the people of the do not deviate from dogma and practice.
The Koran, the and The Icma are thus the three supports of . It is the Icma that has given its constant unity with its past and its continuous flexibility. But while the Icma speaks with the voice of auothority, Muslims have been saved from internal intolerance and extreme sectarinism by another hadith of which says “ The difference of opinion in my community are a divine mercy”.

FIVE PILLARS OF
The five duties, sometimes called five pillars of , are 1) the statement of creed, 2) , 3)alms,4)fasting, 5) pilgrimage

I. The creed (Kelime-i Şehadet) in is the statement tyo say and to belive “ I witness that there is no God but and is His prophet.” When somebody believes in this, it means he believes and acknowledges everything declared by .

II. (Namaz) is performed 5 daily. “ At dawn, at noon,in mid-afternoon,in the evening and at midnight.” is the best indication of beeing a good servant to the Great Creator, . At a muslim enjoys the spiritual happiness caused by being in ’s presence and gets exalted spiritually by keeping oneself away from world concerns. To perform a it is necessary to wash certain party of the body.( like hands, face and feet), this is called “ ablution”. The body, the clothes that are worn and the place where is performed have to be clean, in addition. , by placing the feeling of responsibility in their hearts, purifies man out of all kinds of bad feelings and thoughts and by putting their behaviours under control and preventing them from comitting badness exalts man morally. In the Holy Koran , , Almighty states
“ Establish worship. Worship preserved from lewdness and iniquity.”The place where muslims perform prayers in congreagation is called Cami ( ) and Mescid ( very small mosquelike places). Mosques and mescids are at the same time places where knowledge and about religion and morals and training are given to Muslims.The person who leads Muslims in prayers is called “ İmam”.When a Muslim prays he covers his head, removes his shoes and a places a carpet under him. He faces Mecca, kneeling,prostrating himself and standing with his hands open. It is accepted as being more correct if people practice namaz in the , although they are not obliged to do so. Women generally practice at home except the holy days. Each set of is about 10-20 minutes long. For a Muslim Friday is a holy day. The İmam gives a sermon to the people in at the noon time prayers on Fridays. Most of the male are supposed to attend the Holy Friday performance so you may notice that shops close so that workers may attend the Friday noon in many places.

III.Alms(Zekat) It is a worship observed by rich people by giving a certain amount , 1/40 from his wealth, of their certain possessions and money, ever year to the people in need. Alms is a social philantropic system that provides peace and solidarity in the society. Alms decreases the ambition for money and by improving the mutual love and respect among individuals prevents the enmity against wealth. Thus it plays a major role in keeping the society in peace and safety.

IV. The Fasting (Oruç) It is a month-long worship which is observed every year in the lunar month of Ramadan during which Muslims abstain from eating, drinking and sexual desires from dawn to dusk. But the physically weak, the sick, the soldiers, travelers and afew others are exemted.Because the Moslem calendar is based on a lunar year the months rotate around the seasons. Each year, for instance, Ramadan begins ten or eleven days earlier than the previous year according to the Gregorian year. It is the ninth month of the Islamic year.The first revelation of Koran is commemorated in this month. Fasting strenghts volition by taming one’s real self and gives power to resist bad habits. ,Almight states in the Holly Koran; “ O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you, even as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may ward off.” Fasting is a training of morals and behavior which improves the feelings of love, compassion and mercy and purifies soul of evils. Besides, it is a known fact that fasting is a very good practice for health. This is also accepted in the medical world. Concerning this, Prophet (peace be upon on him) said. “ If you fast, you feel healthy.”

V.Pilgrimage (Hac) It is a worship performed once in a life time by the people who are in good health and can afford it. To perform it they pay a visit to the holy places on certain days to Saudi Arabia.Everybody wears the same type of clothing while performing this worship and this reminds of the day when we are in ’s presence after death. It makes it possible for believers to turn to in a sincere way and to ask for being forgiven and acceptance of their repentance. Seeing the holy places gives man a spiritual excitement and strengthens the religious feelings. Pilgrimage which unites the people of different countries, colors and languages who came to the holy places about one goal, is an international assembly from social point of view.
As seen worships in aim at maturing men morally and making them reach goodness and perfect and at the same time making it possible for the society to live in peace by purifying men of evils.

MUSLIM SECTS
Muslim sectarinism is negligible, except for the division of İslam into Sunnis and Shiites. This devison arose over who should boceme the caliph in 1st C of the İslamic calendar. It is a convention to threat Sunni as the norm because the vast majority of İslam are Sunnis.
Shiites the essential distinction between Sunnis and Shiites at the outset was that Shiites believed that Ali and his successors were divinely ordained caliphs. They consider that his sons Hasan and Husain were martyrs. Shiites have many more festivals than Sunnis, there are also many more saints, more and more religious communities ( ). Although they believe the unity of God, in the prophet and in the Koran, their practice of the requirenments of İslam differs from Sunni practice. The largest concentration of Shiites is in Iran.
SUFISM a Sufi is a Muslim who has devoted himself to the life of mysticsm.The scholars have contrasted them with the stern Sunni legalists (Ulema), noting that from the beginning of

many people lived their daily lives in a spirit of devotion and saw in a discipline of the soul
rather than a legal ritual. Sufis have ranged from people of humble background to whom mysticsm was a moral and an emotional experience to those of great intellectual power who found in it a profound truth and spiritual enlightenment. Over the years a number of Sufi orders () have
Developed, centered around charasmatic leaders.

()
were members of various Moslem religious communities called “ ”. The word “tarikat” means the road that leads to spiritual union with God.”Usually the community was a mystical order. The started as collection of desciples around a reverred religious leader. After the breakup of the Seljuk Empire at the end of the 11th century these acquired a more formal but still popular and humanistic structure. Each tarikat claimed its origin in a historic founder whose inspiration the members traced from the Prophet Mohammet through an unbroken line of saints. The religious servives of were called “ Zikr”, a mentioning the name of God,the purpose of which was to fill one’s heart with love and to bring the worshipper into mystical union of God. The Koranic reference to this is found in Sura 41, “ oh believeres! Remember God with frequent remebrance, and Him morning and evening.” In some of the services the religious exaltation has been described as howling, in some as dancing. In some there was a hypnosis that was demonstrated in particular feats such as levitation, clairvoyance, or among the Rufais, as eating ret hot embers without being hurt.The drew some of their membership from among the poor and from the trade guilds. They served as the support group for their community, and offered closed companionship in a secret society. The ulema, on the other hand, represented the educated, legalistic and thelogical segment of society that looked down on the dervish orders. In addition to these that are noted here, many other have been founded and have been important in the social and religious life of communities. The famous in in the history are Mevlev, Bektaşi, Rufai and Cerrahi .

TURKS AND
At the time of the Turks of Centarl Asia were Shamanists believing that good and evil spirits were present everywhere and that those spirits could be invoked by the magic of inspried priests. For a while they showed some interest in Buddhism, and Juaism. Because of their contract with the Arab Muslims in the 8th C AD they began to learn about and to accept İslam. Scholars see, however, a continuing influence of Shamanism in some of the practices of the tarikat. By the 11th century many of the fuedal states in the Middle East had become İslamic. In Turkey the Seljuks were instrumental in converting the indigenious people; this conversion continued under the Ottomans who helped spread throughout their wide empire.There are around one billion Muslims in 172 countries of the world today. This is nearly 18 % of the world’s population.% 6 Muslims live in Turkey.Among the countries There are 2 different models: The first is fundamentalist, like Iran, Algeria, Saudi Arabia and second is modern like Turkey.

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN CHRITIANITY AND

In important ways the two faiths are similar.
Theiadherence hold that God is One and Almighty.
The same patriarchs and prophets have reverenced by all two.
Adam and Eve, Noah and Abraham are examples of theme of God’s continuing involvement in human life and of his promise.
The faiths have shared locations for their places of worship, sometimes taking over earlier buildings Often pagan temples were adopted to a church, later a achurch adoted to a
The two faiths share their roots in Eastern . The people of these faiths, “ the people of the Book”, as they are identified in Koran. Bible and Koran.
Both of them have places of worship named Church and to pray for God.
Christians finish their sermon with “ Amen”, Muslims finish it with “ Amin.”
Jesus Christ is a prophet of and he had 12 saints. is the prophet of and had 4 caliphs.
7 is a holy number in both religions :
In : Seven churches of revelation, 7 letters to the churches, 7 golden lampsticks, 7 sleepers in , 7 truimpets of the 7 angels, 7 colours of the rainbow, 7 musics, the book of revelation was sealed by seven, earth was created in 7 days, 7 branches of life tree 7 first steps of baby Mary.
In : 7 festival days (Sugar+sacrifice bairams), 7 layers of sky and earth, turning around Kaaba 7 during pilgrimage, going and coming back to mount Arafat 7 , 7 verses in chapter , the Besmele (The Creed) has 7 letters, 7 main prophets acoording to Koran ( Adem,Noah,David,Abraham,Moses, Jesus and ), the construction of some beatiful mosques took 7 years ( Süleymaiye, The Blue ), 7 big sins,7 holes in human body, Noah’s Ark had landed on mount Ararat and there were 7 kinds of animals in.

o The differences are as follows :
o The Christian day begins at midnight. The 1st day of the week, Sunday, is the day of the rest and worship because that was the day of Christ’s resurrection. The year begins in January, following Roman practice, the numbering begins with the date thought to be when Christ was born and use Gregorian Calender since 1582. The Muslim day, begins at sunset. Friday is the day for faithful to gather at the for noon prayers abd the sermon. Muslim months begin with the moon, inrespective of the season. Thus the Muslim year is 10 or 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year, and the Muslim months complete a cycle around the seasons in about 32 and a half years. The Muslim era began with the emigration of from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD.

o The Holy book for Christians combines the Old Testament with the . The Testament concerns of life of Jesus and includes some of the works written about his teaching soon after he died. The bible was not intended to be a geography textbook, but it has become one of the major references for archaeologists who are studying . For Muslims, the Holy Book is the Koran and had been completed in 23 years before died.
o For Christians Jesus Christ is the son of God, Mary is a God bearerabd Holy Spirit , for Muslims he is the only the prophet of christians and Mary is the Jesus’s mother

FLAG
Beacuse of the republic was founded on the heritage of the Ottoman Empire,many things from that time, such as the Flag, continued but sometimes with slight changes. The Ottoman used various flags of different colours at different . In the 14th C it was white, ın the 15th C it was changed to red, Once it was 3 white crescents with a green background. Each of the crescents symbolized a continent on which the Ottomans used to rule. As the Ottomans were associated with , crescents might also have symbolized the sovereignty of on three continents. From then on, the crescents have been known as the symbol of . Later, in the 18th C only one crescent together with an 8-pointed star on red background was used. The combination of the crescent and the red colour came about, according to legend when one of the commmanders while wandering around a battlefield, noticed the reflection of a star in the blood collected on the ground. That imaged so impressed the commander that he chose the symbols for the flag. Today, the red color is accepted as the symbol of blood. A heroic poem about the color says : “ What makes a flag is the blood and tears, and what converst a land into a nation is the martyrs.” After the foundation of the republic, the flag was chosen to be a combination of a crescent and a 5-pointed star on a red background. The fundamentals of the flag were laid down by the laws : Old, dirty or torn flags cannot be used. People cannot sit or step on them. In schools or official places it is hoisted at the weekends and on holidays. On Monday mornings, the week starts with students saluting the national flag in schools. All over the nation there are only two places in which the flag is kept permanently raised ; the first is the parliment building, because here it symbolizes the contunity of the nation’s existence, the second is the mouseleoum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the father of the Turks. Only on the day of his death, November 10th, is the flag hung half-mast as a sign of sorrow.

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